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90 高知論叢　第97号and southeastern Latin America, and unseasonably warm weather in parts of NorthAmerica, eastern China, the Korean peninsula and Jap....

90 高知論叢　第97号and southeastern Latin America, and unseasonably warm weather in parts of NorthAmerica, eastern China, the Korean peninsula and Japan (Figure 3 and 4).2. Specification of an El Nino yearThe ENSO event is commonly measured by SOI and sea surface temperature (SST)across the Pacific Ocean. However, due to the variations in timing and geographicpatterns of warming, defining El Nino and La Nina universally, agreeable bothFigure 3. Climatic impacts of warm ENSO during April to SeptemberD: Drought, R: High rainfall (not necessarily intense).Source: Gommes et al., 1998.Figure 4. Climatic impacts of warm ENSO during October to MarchD: Drought, R: High rainfall (not necessarily intense), W: Abnormally warm.Source: Gommes et al., 1998.