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Limits to Agribusiness-led Development: A Structural Analysis of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry 175 Global Environmental Forum, FoE Japan et al. (2006).6 Kato (1990).7 Ministry of Plantation Industri....

Limits to Agribusiness-led Development: A Structural Analysis of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry 175 Global Environmental Forum, FoE Japan et al. (2006).6 Kato (1990).7 Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia (2008); Department of StatisticsMalaysia (2009).8 NACs refer to a group of Third World Countries pursuing agroindustrialization and nontraditionalagroexporting. For example, see McMichael (1996), pp.102-104.9 Iwasa (2005), pp.17-21, 33-78.10 For details, see Iwasa (2008a), pp.51-58.11 Iwasa (2005), pp.145-180.12 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2009), p.126 and Annex Table A.Ⅲ.4.13 Iwasa (2008b), pp.163-167.14 Iwasa (2008b), pp.167-172.15 For my detailed analysis, see Iwasa (2008b), pp.183-189.16 Millieudefensie, Sahabat Alam Malaysia, FoE England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Friends ofthe Earth Europe & Friends of the Earth International (2008), pp.14-34.17 Colchester, Wee, Wong & Jalong (2007), pp.35-89.18 For example, the settlers’ average gross income has became 4.3 hold increase from 758 to 3,278ringgit in 2000-08, but next year the income sharply dropped to 1,953 ringgit (see Federal LandDevelopment Authority (2009); Federal Land Development Authority (2010)). This incomefluctuation is accounted for by the direct influence of world market volatility.19 Halim (1992); Iwasa (2005), pp.181-218.20 “Felda must pay settlers after losing in court,” New Straits Times, January 20, 2010.21 “And now, Jengka Settlers hit Felda with Fraud Suit,” Malaysiakini, June 17, 2011.22 “Malaysian Plantation Workers: Stop Lying to Us,” Malaysiakini, Nov 19, 2009 (reprintedin Committee for Asian Women Homepage, (http://www.cawinfo.org/2009/11/malaysianplantation-workers-stop-lying-to-us/). Concerning this issue, a bitter dispute arose betweenMalaysian Plantation Industries and Commodities Minister and Parti Sosialis Malaysia.23 For a representative study, see Tenaganita & Pesticide Action Network Asia & the Pacific(2002).24 “Labour Shortage Affecting Oil Palm Plantations,” The Star, February 9, 2010; Koo &Chandramohan (2002).25 Not only international NGOs but also local NGOs such as Sawit Watch have played an importantrole to form transnational palm oil monitoring network. For example, see Colchester, Norman,Andiko, Sirait, Asep, Surambo & Pane (2006).26 For example, Sime Darby has leased 220,000 ha of land in Liberia and is entering a deal to buy300,000 ha in Cameroon. Following the implementation of a two-year ban on granting newconcessions of forest areas in Indonesia, it has taken a strategy to invest in other land abundantcountries for exporting the European biodiesel markets. See Levitt (2011).27 For detailed analyses of Malaysian biodiesel, see Iwasa (2008b), pp.163-167; Pio Lopez & Laan(2008).28 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (2011); Iwasa (2008b), pp.192-197.29 World Rainforest Movement (2010).