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Limits to Agribusiness-led Development: A Structural Analysis of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry 7oil industry amounted to about 40,000 persons, and palm oil manufacturing reached RM67.9 billion which....

Limits to Agribusiness-led Development: A Structural Analysis of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry 7oil industry amounted to about 40,000 persons, and palm oil manufacturing reached RM67.9 billion which accounted for about 10% of total manufacturing output in 20087.Moreover, palm oil serves as a valuable source of acquisition of foreign currency. Figure3 shows Malaysian trade surplus by commodity groups. Palm oil consisted of 5% of thetotal export revenue, but over 30% of the trade surplus of the country in the late 2000s.In the discourse related to the political economy of agriculture and food, some ThirdWorld countries based on export-oriented agriculture are referred to as NACs (NewAgricultural Countries) to differentiate from NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries)8.Based on a big breakthrough in the national economy and the global marketplace,Malaysia has also been transformed into one of the NACs based on the emerging palmoil export9.Table 4 Direction and Share of Malaysian Palm Oil Exports（％）Ranking ofExportVolume1965 1975 1985 1995 2009PalmOil1 Iraq (24.3) US (29.1) India (18.9) Pakistan (15.8) China (25.4)2 UK (20.3) Netherlands (14.2) Pakistan (6.6) China (15.6) Pakistan (11.1)3 Canada (5.1) UK (14.0) Japan (6.2) India (11.1) India (8.5)4 Netherlands (1.6) Iraq (6.4) USSR (5.0) Japan (4.8) Netherlands (6.2)5 － （－） Japan (5.2) US (4.4) Egypt (4.5) US (5.4)Singapore (34.3) Singapore (13.4) Singapore (30.0) Singapore (5.5) Singapore (2.2)PalmKernelOil1 US (38.4) Netherlands (41.6) US (21.2) US (20.4)2 UK (26.6) US (29.4) Netherlands (12.7) China (16.7)3 Netherlands (8.6) UK (4.2) Japan (11.8) Japan (6.8)4 Canada (4.2) Italy (2.6) Turkey (7.9) Brazil (6.3)5 Japan (1.0) Canada (2.4) South Africa (6.9) India (5.1)Singapore (9.6) Singapore (5.2) Singapore (9.3) Singapore (2.1)Note: Export data is based on volume.Data of palm oil for 1965 and palm kernel oil for 1975 only include Peninsular Malaysia.Exports to Singapore include reexports from Singapore except 1975.Source: 1995 & 2009: MPOB, Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2009, PORLA, Palm Oil Statistics 1996．1985: Min. of Primary Industries Malaysia, Statistics on Commodities 1987 (Original Source: PORLA).1965 & 1975: Dept. of Statistics Malaysia, Oil Palm, Coconut and Tea Statistics 1975 & 1970.